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Artistic Reconstruction and Original Translation From Homer's "Iliad" by Kathleen Vail
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In
Homer’s Iliad: The Shield of Memory, Dr. Kenneth Atchity follows Homer’s footsteps through the
Iliad
like a lover intent on winning his heart and mind. What’s more, Atchity
invites us to a beautiful symposium, discussing his journey clearly and
compellingly, enticing us with amazing glimpses into the ingenious mind
and motives of Homer.
In spite of everything you may have learned about Homer’s
Iliad,
Dr. Ken proves that it is an epic love story. In fact, it’s such a
powerful love story that it can generate immortality in the form of
human memories, perpetuating human desire to imitate this epic level of
love. And, if we are successful, this is the kind of love that actuates
social stability and brings about peace in our lives.
“In his appreciation of the poem,” says Atchity about the
Iliad, “Even the
man for whom war is the reality,
therefore, can find peace.” He explains, “While historical peace may be
ephemeral and rare, human peace is not only possible, but also truly
realized, in the poems of memory.” (1)
Especially in Homer’s
Iliad–arguably the greatest poem of memory every recorded.
Let the Symposium Begin
The late poet and novelist, John Gardner, in his foreword to
Homer’s Iliad: The Shield of Memory, states that he knows of no better introduction to the
Iliad than this book. Gardner hails Atchity for his close analysis of specific themes and images throughout the
Iliad,
for proving “what we all suspected all along, that the poem is a
brilliantly organized work, philosophically profound, perhaps the
noblest work of art produced in the entire tradition of Western
Civilization.” (2)
Peering over the shoulder of
Hephaistos as he creates Achilles’ magnificent shield, we benefit from Dr. Atchity’s intimate analysis, learning the central theme of both the shield in particular and the entire
Iliad
in total. Plain and simple, it is the establishment of order, the rise
of human appreciation which coalesces into a love of order. But this is a
divinely prescribed order which will only be achieved when
Achilles dons his Olympian armor and carries Hephaistos’ emblematic shield into battle.
Reclining comfortably, now, upon our symposium couches, Atchity
explains that, even as we are watching over Hephaistos’ shoulder,
Hephaistos is doing essentially the same thing that Homer is doing, as
we are reading or listening to the
Iliad:
The artist creates the world, through and to his own vision of order.
Achilles’ shield
contains the whole cosmos known to Homeric man—of the inanimate stars
and waters, and of all life and time and space and action. Forged into
the very substance of this supreme tool of warfare is a detailed vision
that transcends all momentary circumstances, all individual fates, and
reveals humanity in its continuing, essential character. In the process
of its making, the ideal and real become one dynamic continuum. (3)
The Shield of Achilles is a Symbol of the Entire Iliad
Encompassing, as Atchity puts it, the poem’s “mnemonic technique,
purpose, and function,” the Shield of Achilles is a divine
masterpiece–at once the central image and a symbol of the entire epic.
As a supernatural mnemonic device, Hephaistos’ creation “remains
untarnished as only a memory can be.”
Atchity has become our bard, compelling us to lean forward as he
continues, “And as we maintain that breathtakingly clear vision in our
memory, it directly affects how we view ourselves and our actions,
instilling in our minds the very order that fashioned it.” (4)
As a devoted student of Dr. Ken’s visionary perspective, I see
Achilles whipping his horses and riding into the fray. I understand that
when he swears to end the war single-handedly, he is swearing to
protect the Achaeans who follow him and all the future generations who
will follow him, as well–even mine.
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The Triumph of Achilles by Franz Matsch, a fresco on the upper level of the main hall of the Achilleion at Corfu, Greece. Source: Wikimedia Commons
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Just as Achilles understands and imitates the Olympian order depicted
on his new shield by launching into battle selflessly, I understand
Atchity means that, with growing insight via divinely inspired memory,
we, too, are able to imitate Achilles. As Atchity explains, this is the
goal and highest service of the poet: By perpetuating the hero’s name
and deeds in the memory of generations to come, the poet’s song–the
hero’s glory–will encourage the further perpetuation of Olympian order.
We see that poetry, as Homer conceives
of and practices it, is the ordering agent in human affairs, a form of
worship as well as a sign of man’s awareness of divine order. From a
detachment that is virtually Olympian—because the Muses possess the poet
with a vision of past, present, and future, and of both sides of the
conflict in all their complications—Homer presents the happy results of
orderly human action and the disastrous consequences of disorderly
behavior.
All mortals and immortals within the
Iliadic world are polarized by these cosmic opposites: order and
disorder. Each character is defined in terms of his link with one or the
other. The great shield is a magnificent emblem of poetic order from which ideal human society issues.(5)
You knew that, right? Oh, yes, me too. I love it!
Focusing on the Central Images Within the Iliad
Atchity’s profound philosophical understanding of Homeric society is achieved by focusing on central images within the
Iliad.
He sees the ideal world depicted on the divine Shield of Achilles. And
he sees this ideal world functioning as a counterbalance to the social
upheaval in Achilles’ real world.
Atchity attributes this social upheaval to the simultaneous decline
of the “heroic” social system colliding with the rise of the “familial”
social system in Ancient Greece.
The Shield of Achilles, offering a new, enlightened social system
with both heroic and familial components harmonized within the social
hierarchy, depicts Homer’s poetic resolution to the social upheaval
occurring in the Iliadic world. By serving one another in mutual
reciprocity, Homer’s vision foresees individuals perfectly balanced
within the wider community.
As Atchity explains, the tension between the two social systems
becomes a constructive force in the ideal world, each serving the other.
This is because the emotional strength of the familial system, which
binds primarily via love between individuals/families/community, is
additionally strengthened by the pragmatic power of the heroic system,
which binds primarily via honored oaths of loyalty to
individuals/tribes/confederations. (6)
The Turbulent Relationship Between Order and Disorder
The primary theme woven into the chaotic events of the
Iliad,
on every level from the human to the divine, is the turbulent
relationship between order and disorder. And, unfortunately for the
participants, social disorder is the natural, but terrible result as
social systems collide.
“Specifically,” states Atchity, “the poem is a statement of the
consequences to order when disorder is inserted at any level of the
hierarchical cosmos as Homer conceives of it, and the restoration of
order through the obliteration of the disorderly intrusion. Order, once
interrupted, can only be returned through the destruction of disorder:
that is the lesson of the
Iliad.” (7)
Turning his piercing gaze to the marriage bed of Hektor, upon which
the close of the Trojan War pivots as Hektor’s body is gently laid to
rest prior to his funeral, Atchity recognizes a particularly
antithetical image. While the Shield of Achilles offers an image of the
victorious ascent of order over disorder, the marriage bed of Hektor
depicts the terrible price humans must pay for the destruction of
disorder.
As she mourns the loss of her husband, Atchity notes that
“Andromache’s lament concludes with the image of the marriage bed
deprived of its natural occupant. It is in this way that Homer
communicates his characteristically social perspective: that war ends,
as it begins, with conjugal disorder.” (8)
Indeed, it is the “heroic” social system embodied in the character of
Paris that inspires his selfish desire to seduce the wife of an Argive
king until she abandons her conjugal bed in Sparta and travels with him
to Troy.
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Hektor Admonishes Paris, by Pierre Claude Francois Delorme. Source: Wikimedia Commons
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Without pointing a poetic finger of blame at her, Homer’s passive
treatment of Helen’s character nevertheless guides her to admit to
Hektor her shame. Atchity interprets Helen’s role as central to the
resolution of the tumultuous social transition which is occurring all
around her:
Helen is human progress itself,
vacillating between two orders, waiting in suspension for a continuity
that will come only when their conflict has been transformed into
cooperation, their antithetical potentials synthesized. The fact that
Helen’s individual will is suspended but that her actions, although
involuntary, have collective repercussions which are material for memory
reveals Homer’s refusal to accept either norm, the heroic or the
familial, as sufficient; neither, alone, provides man with a
divinely-sanctioned order for social well-being, or even for social
survival.
Inasmuch as he rejects both purely
communal and purely personal motivations, Homer stands as a prophet of
the great Athenian phenomenon which managed to gloriously combine the (“know thyself”) of Socrates with the holistic spirit of Plato’s Republic.
When a balance is maintained between these two orientations, human
nature achieves its fullest, most nearly divine expression. (9)
Ahhhhhh, may I die and wake up in such a great symposium in heaven!
It Is Our Memories That Make Our Heroes Immortal
In the final analysis, then, it is our love of epic stories, even (or perhaps
especially)
epic love stories framed with all the gory constructs of war, that fire
our finest synapses, indelibly etching into our memories the finest
deeds of the finest heroes.
It is our memories, in fact, that make our heroes immortal. Dr.
Atchity explains that this is because memory communicates the promise of
continuity on an essentially human level–remembered words can bring
living order even to fatal encounters. (10)
I think that Dr. Ken has brought to light a very appealing point
about the enduring love relationship between life and memory. Blessed by
this very poignant relationship, “memory shields the individuals from
death.” (11)
We never forget the ones we love, as long as they live on in our
memories. Even within the most mundane levels of society, we may cast
aside our fear of death, knowing that our loved ones will keep us alive
in their memories.
How much more glorious to be the source of ageless memories of an
epic victory–A magnificent hero ushering in the triumph of order over
disorder?
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Protected by Ares, Achilles Overwhelms Hektor, by Antonio Raffaele Calliano, 1815. Source: Wikimedia Commons
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As Dr. Ken explains,
We understand, with the Achilles who
no longer shuns death, that the shield gives him access to an
immortality that is purely human: though he, like all who share human
nature, can’t escape mortality in time, he will have an orderly place
forever in the minds of men to come who will hear how he carried this
shield into battle to restore the honor of his dear friend and of the
Argive nation.” (12)
Offering love as the most powerful incentive for social stability, Homer’s
Iliad ends with a glorious vision of order on the very cusp of reestablishment.
Achilles’ personal love for Patroklos
becomes, at the end of the story, the pattern for the international
love between him and the old king of Troy; and the epic ends, not with
the death of Achilles or even of Troy or Priam, but with a ritual that
promises the continuity of human order—made possible by Achilles’ loving
gesture: the return of Hektor’s body. (13)
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Priam Returning with the body of Hektor, by John Trumbull, ca. 1756-1843. Source
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And there you have it. It’s all about love. If you stayed with me
this far, then, without a shadow of a doubt, you will leave Dr.
Atchity’s symposium understanding that Homer’s
Iliad is, after
all, a love story. Yes, it’s framed in all the gory constructs of war–a
really epic war. I’m sure that’s what helps us to remember it so well,
but now you might also remember it as a love story.
A really epic love story–from the beginning, all the way to the end.
…Heavy sigh… I love a great love story, don’t you? This book,
Homer’s Iliad: The Shield of Memory by Dr. Kenneth Atchity, just keeps getting better and better, every time I read it.
Pick it up on Amazon
and get the added bonus of seeing my reconstruction of the Shield of
Achilles on his Kindle edition cover–A very great honor that Dr. Atchity
has bestowed upon my work!
Read more
FOOTNOTES:
(1) Atchity, Kenneth. Homer’s Iliad: The Shield of Memory (Kindle Locations 1843-1846). Story Merchant. Kindle Edition.
(2) ibid, (Kindle Locations 65-68).
(3) ibid, (Kindle Locations 109-114).
(4) ibid, (Kindle Locations 117-119).
(5) ibid, (Kindle Locations 130-135).
(6) ibid, (Kindle Locations 139-145).
(7) ibid, (Kindle Locations 148-150).
(8) ibid, (Kindle Locations 2002-2005).
(9) ibid, (Kindle Locations 2041-2053).
(10) ibid, (Kindle Locations 1819-1829).
(11) ibid, (Kindle Location 1857).
(12) ibid, (Kindle Locations 109-114).
(13) ibid, (Kindle Locations 99-155).
